July 25, 2025
34 min read
TypeScript has evolved from a niche Microsoft project to the backbone of modern web development. In 2025, TypeScript isn't just about adding types to JavaScript—it's about building scalable, maintainable, and performant applications that can handle real-world complexity while providing excellent developer experience and runtime reliability.
At MTechZilla, TypeScript has been instrumental in delivering robust solutions across diverse industries. From complex renewable energy dashboards that process real-time charging data with complete type safety to travel booking platforms handling millions of transactions with zero runtime type errors, our experience has taught us that mastering TypeScript is essential for building production-ready applications in 2025.
The landscape of TypeScript in 2025 encompasses advanced type manipulation, sophisticated inference systems, seamless framework integration, and performance optimisation techniques that weren't possible in earlier versions. This comprehensive guide will take you from TypeScript fundamentals to advanced patterns that power enterprise-scale applications, providing practical examples and real-world insights gained from years of production development.
TypeScript in 2025 represents a mature ecosystem that extends far beyond simple type annotations. Modern TypeScript development involves sophisticated tooling, advanced type manipulation, framework-specific optimizations, and performance-critical patterns that directly impact application success.
Contemporary applications built with TypeScript benefit from advantages that compound across the entire development lifecycle:
Modern TypeScript applications must handle requirements that go beyond individual developer productivity:
TypeScript 5.x introduces powerful features that fundamentally change how we approach type-safe development, providing new levels of expressiveness and performance optimization.
The standardized decorator system in TypeScript 5.x enables powerful metaprogramming patterns essential for modern framework integration:
// Modern decorator patterns for API endpoints
class UserController {
@Get('/users/:id')
@ValidateParams({ id: Number })
@Authorize(['admin', 'user'])
async getUser(
@Param('id') id: number,
@CurrentUser() user: AuthenticatedUser
): Promise<UserResponse> {
const userData = await this.userService.findById(id);
if (!this.authService.canAccess(user, userData)) {
throw new ForbiddenException('Access denied');
}
return {
id: userData.id,
name: userData.name,
email: userData.email,
createdAt: userData.createdAt.toISOString(),
};
}
@Post('/users')
@ValidateBody(CreateUserDto)
@RateLimit({ max: 5, windowMs: 60000 })
async createUser(
@Body() userData: CreateUserDto,
@Headers('x-client-id') clientId: string
): Promise<CreateUserResponse> {
const result = await this.userService.create({
...userData,
clientId,
createdAt: new Date(),
});
return {
id: result.id,
message: 'User created successfully',
};
}
}
// Advanced decorator factory with type inference
function ValidateParams<T extends Record<string, any>>(
schema: { [K in keyof T]: (value: any) => T[K] }
) {
return function <TTarget extends object, TKey extends string | symbol>(
target: TTarget,
propertyKey: TKey,
descriptor: TypedPropertyDescriptor<any>
) {
const originalMethod = descriptor.value;
descriptor.value = function (this: TTarget, ...args: any[]) {
const params = args[0]; // Assuming first argument contains parameters
for (const [key, validator] of Object.entries(schema)) {
if (params[key] !== undefined) {
try {
params[key] = validator(params[key]);
} catch (error) {
throw new ValidationError(`Invalid parameter ${key}: ${error.message}`);
}
}
}
return originalMethod.apply(this, args);
};
};
}
TypeScript 5.x's template literal types enable compile-time string manipulation that was previously impossible:
// Dynamic API route type generation
type HttpMethod = 'GET' | 'POST' | 'PUT' | 'DELETE' | 'PATCH';
type ApiVersion = 'v1' | 'v2' | 'v3';
type ResourceType = 'users' | 'products' | 'orders' | 'analytics';
type ApiRoute<
TMethod extends HttpMethod,
TVersion extends ApiVersion,
TResource extends ResourceType,
TPath extends string = ''
> = `${TMethod} /api/${TVersion}/${TResource}${TPath}`;
// Usage with complete type safety
type UserRoutes =
| ApiRoute<'GET', 'v1', 'users'>
| ApiRoute<'GET', 'v1', 'users', '/:id'>
| ApiRoute<'POST', 'v1', 'users'>
| ApiRoute<'PUT', 'v1', 'users', '/:id'>
| ApiRoute<'DELETE', 'v1', 'users', '/:id'>;
// Advanced path parameter extraction
type ExtractPathParams<T extends string> =
T extends `${infer _Start}/:${infer Param}/${infer Rest}`
? { [K in Param]: string } & ExtractPathParams<`/${Rest}`>
: T extends `${infer _Start}/:${infer Param}`
? { [K in Param]: string }
: {};
type UserByIdParams = ExtractPathParams<'/users/:id'>; // { id: string }
type UserOrderParams = ExtractPathParams<'/users/:userId/orders/:orderId'>; // { userId: string; orderId: string }
// Runtime route handler with compile-time type safety
class ApiRouter {
handle<TRoute extends UserRoutes>(
route: TRoute,
params: ExtractPathParams<TRoute>,
handler: (params: ExtractPathParams<TRoute>) => Promise<any>
) {
// Implementation handles routing with full type safety
return handler(params);
}
}
// Type-safe database query builder
type FilterOperator = 'eq' | 'ne' | 'gt' | 'gte' | 'lt' | 'lte' | 'in' | 'like';
type QueryFilter<T> = {
[K in keyof T]?: {
[O in FilterOperator]?: O extends 'in'
? T[K][]
: O extends 'like'
? string
: T[K];
};
};
interface User {
id: number;
name: string;
email: string;
age: number;
isActive: boolean;
createdAt: Date;
}
class QueryBuilder<T> {
private filters: QueryFilter<T> = {};
private sortField?: keyof T;
private sortDirection?: 'asc' | 'desc';
where(field: keyof T, operator: FilterOperator, value: any): this {
if (!this.filters[field]) {
this.filters[field] = {};
}
(this.filters[field] as any)[operator] = value;
return this;
}
orderBy(field: keyof T, direction: 'asc' | 'desc' = 'asc'): this {
this.sortField = field;
this.sortDirection = direction;
return this;
}
async execute(): Promise<T[]> {
// Implementation would generate and execute SQL
const sql = this.generateSQL();
return await this.database.query(sql);
}
private generateSQL(): string {
// SQL generation logic
return 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE ...';
}
}
// Usage with complete type safety
const userQuery = new QueryBuilder<User>()
.where('age', 'gte', 18)
.where('isActive', 'eq', true)
.where('email', 'like', '%@company.com')
.orderBy('createdAt', 'desc');
const results = await userQuery.execute(); // Type: User[]
Modern TypeScript applications leverage sophisticated conditional types for runtime behavior that's validated at compile time:
// Advanced form validation with conditional types
type ValidationRule<T> = T extends string
? { minLength?: number; maxLength?: number; pattern?: RegExp; required?: boolean }
: T extends number
? { min?: number; max?: number; required?: boolean }
: T extends boolean
? { required?: boolean }
: T extends Date
? { minDate?: Date; maxDate?: Date; required?: boolean }
: T extends Array<infer U>
? { minItems?: number; maxItems?: number; itemRules?: ValidationRule<U>; required?: boolean }
: { required?: boolean };
type FormValidationSchema<T> = {
[K in keyof T]: ValidationRule<T[K]>;
};
// Real-world form validation implementation
interface BookingForm {
customerName: string;
email: string;
checkInDate: Date;
checkOutDate: Date;
guestCount: number;
specialRequests?: string;
preferences: string[];
agreeToTerms: boolean;
}
const bookingValidationSchema: FormValidationSchema<BookingForm> = {
customerName: {
required: true,
minLength: 2,
maxLength: 100,
},
email: {
required: true,
pattern: /^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/,
},
checkInDate: {
required: true,
minDate: new Date(),
},
checkOutDate: {
required: true,
minDate: new Date(),
},
guestCount: {
required: true,
min: 1,
max: 10,
},
specialRequests: {
maxLength: 500,
},
preferences: {
required: true,
minItems: 1,
maxItems: 5,
},
agreeToTerms: {
required: true,
},
};
// Type-safe validation function
type ValidationError<T> = {
[K in keyof T]?: string[];
};
type ValidationResult<T> = {
isValid: boolean;
errors: ValidationError<T>;
data?: T;
};
class FormValidator {
static validate<T extends Record<string, any>>(
data: Partial<T>,
schema: FormValidationSchema<T>
): ValidationResult<T> {
const errors: ValidationError<T> = {};
let isValid = true;
for (const [field, rules] of Object.entries(schema) as [keyof T, ValidationRule<T[keyof T]>][]) {
const fieldErrors: string[] = [];
const value = data[field];
// Required validation
if (rules.required && (value === undefined || value === null || value === '')) {
fieldErrors.push(`${String(field)} is required`);
isValid = false;
continue;
}
if (value !== undefined && value !== null) {
// Type-specific validations
if (typeof value === 'string') {
const stringRules = rules as ValidationRule<string>;
if (stringRules.minLength && value.length < stringRules.minLength) {
fieldErrors.push(`${String(field)} must be at least ${stringRules.minLength} characters`);
isValid = false;
}
if (stringRules.maxLength && value.length > stringRules.maxLength) {
fieldErrors.push(`${String(field)} must be no more than ${stringRules.maxLength} characters`);
isValid = false;
}
if (stringRules.pattern && !stringRules.pattern.test(value)) {
fieldErrors.push(`${String(field)} format is invalid`);
isValid = false;
}
}
if (typeof value === 'number') {
const numberRules = rules as ValidationRule<number>;
if (numberRules.min !== undefined && value < numberRules.min) {
fieldErrors.push(`${String(field)} must be at least ${numberRules.min}`);
isValid = false;
}
if (numberRules.max !== undefined && value > numberRules.max) {
fieldErrors.push(`${String(field)} must be no more than ${numberRules.max}`);
isValid = false;
}
}
if (Array.isArray(value)) {
const arrayRules = rules as ValidationRule<any[]>;
if (arrayRules.minItems && value.length < arrayRules.minItems) {
fieldErrors.push(`${String(field)} must have at least ${arrayRules.minItems} items`);
isValid = false;
}
if (arrayRules.maxItems && value.length > arrayRules.maxItems) {
fieldErrors.push(`${String(field)} must have no more than ${arrayRules.maxItems} items`);
isValid = false;
}
}
}
if (fieldErrors.length > 0) {
errors[field] = fieldErrors;
}
}
return {
isValid,
errors,
data: isValid ? data as T : undefined,
};
}
}
// Usage in React component
const BookingFormComponent: React.FC = () => {
const [formData, setFormData] = useState<Partial<BookingForm>>({});
const [validationErrors, setValidationErrors] = useState<ValidationError<BookingForm>>({});
const handleSubmit = async (e: React.FormEvent) => {
e.preventDefault();
const validation = FormValidator.validate(formData, bookingValidationSchema);
if (validation.isValid && validation.data) {
// Type-safe form submission
await submitBooking(validation.data);
} else {
setValidationErrors(validation.errors);
}
};
return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
{/* Form fields with type-safe error handling */}
<div>
<input
type="text"
value={formData.customerName || ''}
onChange={(e) => setFormData(prev => ({ ...prev, customerName: e.target.value }))}
placeholder="Customer Name"
/>
{validationErrors.customerName && (
<div className="error">
{validationErrors.customerName.join(', ')}
</div>
)}
</div>
{/* Additional form fields... */}
</form>
);
};
Building production-ready applications requires understanding advanced TypeScript patterns that go beyond basic type annotations.
Modern TypeScript applications benefit from sophisticated dependency injection patterns that provide testability and maintainability:
// Advanced dependency injection system
type Constructor<T = {}> = new (...args: any[]) => T;
type ServiceToken<T> = symbol & { __type: T };
class Container {
private services = new Map<symbol, any>();
private singletons = new Map<symbol, any>();
// Register a service with its implementation
register<T>(token: ServiceToken<T>, implementation: Constructor<T>): this {
this.services.set(token, implementation);
return this;
}
// Register a singleton service
registerSingleton<T>(token: ServiceToken<T>, implementation: Constructor<T>): this {
this.services.set(token, implementation);
this.singletons.set(token, true);
return this;
}
// Resolve a service instance
resolve<T>(token: ServiceToken<T>): T {
const implementation = this.services.get(token);
if (!implementation) {
throw new Error(`Service not registered: ${token.toString()}`);
}
if (this.singletons.has(token)) {
let instance = this.singletons.get(token);
if (instance === true) {
instance = new implementation();
this.singletons.set(token, instance);
}
return instance;
}
return new implementation();
}
}
// Service tokens with type safety
const EmailServiceToken: ServiceToken<EmailService> = Symbol('EmailService') as any;
const UserRepositoryToken: ServiceToken<UserRepository> = Symbol('UserRepository') as any;
const LoggerToken: ServiceToken<Logger> = Symbol('Logger') as any;
// Service implementations
interface Logger {
log(message: string): void;
error(message: string, error?: Error): void;
}
class ConsoleLogger implements Logger {
log(message: string): void {
console.log(`[LOG] ${new Date().toISOString()}: ${message}`);
}
error(message: string, error?: Error): void {
console.error(`[ERROR] ${new Date().toISOString()}: ${message}`, error);
}
}
interface UserRepository {
findById(id: string): Promise<User | null>;
save(user: User): Promise<void>;
delete(id: string): Promise<void>;
}
class DatabaseUserRepository implements UserRepository {
private logger: Logger;
constructor() {
this.logger = container.resolve(LoggerToken);
}
async findById(id: string): Promise<User | null> {
this.logger.log(`Finding user by ID: ${id}`);
// Database implementation
return null;
}
async save(user: User): Promise<void> {
this.logger.log(`Saving user: ${user.id}`);
// Database implementation
}
async delete(id: string): Promise<void> {
this.logger.log(`Deleting user: ${id}`);
// Database implementation
}
}
interface EmailService {
send(to: string, subject: string, body: string): Promise<void>;
}
class SendGridEmailService implements EmailService {
private logger: Logger;
constructor() {
this.logger = container.resolve(LoggerToken);
}
async send(to: string, subject: string, body: string): Promise<void> {
this.logger.log(`Sending email to: ${to}`);
// SendGrid implementation
}
}
// Container setup
const container = new Container()
.registerSingleton(LoggerToken, ConsoleLogger)
.registerSingleton(UserRepositoryToken, DatabaseUserRepository)
.registerSingleton(EmailServiceToken, SendGridEmailService);
// Service usage with automatic dependency injection
class UserService {
private userRepository: UserRepository;
private emailService: EmailService;
private logger: Logger;
constructor() {
this.userRepository = container.resolve(UserRepositoryToken);
this.emailService = container.resolve(EmailServiceToken);
this.logger = container.resolve(LoggerToken);
}
async createUser(userData: CreateUserRequest): Promise<User> {
try {
this.logger.log(`Creating user: ${userData.email}`);
const user: User = {
id: generateId(),
name: userData.name,
email: userData.email,
age: userData.age,
isActive: true,
createdAt: new Date(),
};
await this.userRepository.save(user);
await this.emailService.send(
user.email,
'Welcome to MTechZilla!',
`Hello ${user.name}, welcome to our platform!`
);
this.logger.log(`User created successfully: ${user.id}`);
return user;
} catch (error) {
this.logger.error('Failed to create user', error as Error);
throw error;
}
}
async deleteUser(id: string): Promise<void> {
try {
const user = await this.userRepository.findById(id);
if (!user) {
throw new Error('User not found');
}
await this.userRepository.delete(id);
await this.emailService.send(
user.email,
'Account Deleted',
`Your account has been successfully deleted.`
);
this.logger.log(`User deleted successfully: ${id}`);
} catch (error) {
this.logger.error('Failed to delete user', error as Error);
throw error;
}
}
}
function generateId(): string {
return Math.random().toString(36).substr(2, 9);
}
Complex applications benefit from event-driven architectures that maintain type safety across asynchronous operations:
// Type-safe event system
type EventMap = {
'user.created': { user: User; timestamp: Date };
'user.updated': { user: User; changes: Partial<User>; timestamp: Date };
'user.deleted': { userId: string; timestamp: Date };
'booking.confirmed': { booking: Booking; customer: User; timestamp: Date };
'booking.cancelled': { bookingId: string; reason: string; timestamp: Date };
'payment.processed': { payment: Payment; amount: number; timestamp: Date };
'email.sent': { recipient: string; subject: string; timestamp: Date };
'system.error': { error: Error; context: Record<string, any>; timestamp: Date };
};
type EventHandler<T extends keyof EventMap> = (data: EventMap[T]) => Promise<void> | void;
class EventBus {
private handlers = new Map<keyof EventMap, Set<EventHandler<any>>>();
// Subscribe to events with type safety
on<T extends keyof EventMap>(event: T, handler: EventHandler<T>): () => void {
if (!this.handlers.has(event)) {
this.handlers.set(event, new Set());
}
this.handlers.get(event)!.add(handler);
// Return unsubscribe function
return () => {
this.handlers.get(event)?.delete(handler);
};
}
// Emit events with type safety
async emit<T extends keyof EventMap>(event: T, data: EventMap[T]): Promise<void> {
const eventHandlers = this.handlers.get(event);
if (!eventHandlers) return;
const promises = Array.from(eventHandlers).map(handler => {
try {
return Promise.resolve(handler(data));
} catch (error) {
console.error(`Error in event handler for ${String(event)}:`, error);
return Promise.resolve();
}
});
await Promise.allSettled(promises);
}
// Remove all handlers for an event
off<T extends keyof EventMap>(event: T): void {
this.handlers.delete(event);
}
// Remove all handlers
clear(): void {
this.handlers.clear();
}
}
// Event-driven services
class UserEventHandlers {
private emailService: EmailService;
private analyticsService: AnalyticsService;
private logger: Logger;
constructor(
emailService: EmailService,
analyticsService: AnalyticsService,
logger: Logger
) {
this.emailService = emailService;
this.analyticsService = analyticsService;
this.logger = logger;
}
async onUserCreated(data: EventMap['user.created']): Promise<void> {
this.logger.log(`Processing user created event: ${data.user.id}`);
// Send welcome email
await this.emailService.send(
data.user.email,
'Welcome to MTechZilla!',
`Hello ${data.user.name}, welcome to our platform!`
);
// Track analytics
await this.analyticsService.track('user_registered', {
userId: data.user.id,
timestamp: data.timestamp,
userAge: data.user.age,
});
}
async onUserDeleted(data: EventMap['user.deleted']): Promise<void> {
this.logger.log(`Processing user deleted event: ${data.userId}`);
// Clean up user data
await this.analyticsService.deleteUserData(data.userId);
// Track analytics
await this.analyticsService.track('user_deleted', {
userId: data.userId,
timestamp: data.timestamp,
});
}
}
class BookingEventHandlers {
private emailService: EmailService;
private paymentService: PaymentService;
private logger: Logger;
constructor(
emailService: EmailService,
paymentService: PaymentService,
logger: Logger
) {
this.emailService = emailService;
this.paymentService = paymentService;
this.logger = logger;
}
async onBookingConfirmed(data: EventMap['booking.confirmed']): Promise<void> {
this.logger.log(`Processing booking confirmed event: ${data.booking.id}`);
// Send confirmation email
await this.emailService.send(
data.customer.email,
'Booking Confirmed',
`Your booking ${data.booking.id} has been confirmed!`
);
// Process payment
await this.paymentService.processPayment({
bookingId: data.booking.id,
amount: data.booking.totalAmount,
customerId: data.customer.id,
});
}
async onBookingCancelled(data: EventMap['booking.cancelled']): Promise<void> {
this.logger.log(`Processing booking cancelled event: ${data.bookingId}`);
// Process refund if applicable
await this.paymentService.processRefund(data.bookingId, data.reason);
}
}
// Event bus setup and registration
const eventBus = new EventBus();
// Register event handlers
const userEventHandlers = new UserEventHandlers(
container.resolve(EmailServiceToken),
container.resolve(AnalyticsServiceToken),
container.resolve(LoggerToken)
);
const bookingEventHandlers = new BookingEventHandlers(
container.resolve(EmailServiceToken),
container.resolve(PaymentServiceToken),
container.resolve(LoggerToken)
);
// Subscribe to events
eventBus.on('user.created', userEventHandlers.onUserCreated.bind(userEventHandlers));
eventBus.on('user.deleted', userEventHandlers.onUserDeleted.bind(userEventHandlers));
eventBus.on('booking.confirmed', bookingEventHandlers.onBookingConfirmed.bind(bookingEventHandlers));
eventBus.on('booking.cancelled', bookingEventHandlers.onBookingCancelled.bind(bookingEventHandlers));
// Usage in services
class EnhancedUserService {
private userRepository: UserRepository;
constructor() {
this.userRepository = container.resolve(UserRepositoryToken);
}
async createUser(userData: CreateUserRequest): Promise<User> {
const user: User = {
id: generateId(),
name: userData.name,
email: userData.email,
age: userData.age,
isActive: true,
createdAt: new Date(),
};
await this.userRepository.save(user);
// Emit event - all handlers will be called automatically
await eventBus.emit('user.created', {
user,
timestamp: new Date(),
});
return user;
}
async deleteUser(id: string): Promise<void> {
await this.userRepository.delete(id);
// Emit event
await eventBus.emit('user.deleted', {
userId: id,
timestamp: new Date(),
});
}
}
// Additional service interfaces for completeness
interface AnalyticsService {
track(event: string, data: Record<string, any>): Promise<void>;
deleteUserData(userId: string): Promise<void>;
}
interface PaymentService {
processPayment(data: { bookingId: string; amount: number; customerId: string }): Promise<void>;
processRefund(bookingId: string, reason: string): Promise<void>;
}
interface Booking {
id: string;
customerId: string;
hotelId: string;
checkInDate: Date;
checkOutDate: Date;
totalAmount: number;
status: 'pending' | 'confirmed' | 'cancelled';
createdAt: Date;
}
interface Payment {
id: string;
bookingId: string;
amount: number;
status: 'pending' | 'completed' | 'failed';
processedAt?: Date;
}
interface CreateUserRequest {
name: string;
email: string;
age: number;
}
// Additional tokens for completeness
const AnalyticsServiceToken: ServiceToken<AnalyticsService> = Symbol('AnalyticsService') as any;
const PaymentServiceToken: ServiceToken<PaymentService> = Symbol('PaymentService') as any;
TypeScript's integration with React and Next.js in 2025 provides unprecedented developer experience and type safety for full-stack applications.
Modern React components benefit from sophisticated TypeScript patterns that provide excellent developer experience while maintaining performance:
// Advanced component prop patterns
interface BaseComponentProps {
className?: string;
children?: React.ReactNode;
testId?: string;
}
// Generic component with constrained props
interface SelectOption<T = string> {
value: T;
label: string;
disabled?: boolean;
icon?: React.ComponentType<{ className?: string }>;
}
interface SelectProps<T = string> extends BaseComponentProps {
options: SelectOption<T>[];
value?: T;
defaultValue?: T;
placeholder?: string;
isMulti?: boolean;
isSearchable?: boolean;
isDisabled?: boolean;
isLoading?: boolean;
onChange?: (value: T | T[] | null) => void;
onSearch?: (searchValue: string) => void;
renderOption?: (option: SelectOption<T>) => React.ReactNode;
renderValue?: (value: T) => React.ReactNode;
}
// Advanced generic Select component
function Select<T = string>({
options,
value,
defaultValue,
placeholder = 'Select an option...',
isMulti = false,
isSearchable = false,
isDisabled = false,
isLoading = false,
onChange,
onSearch,
renderOption,
renderValue,
className,
children,
testId,
}: SelectProps<T>) {
const [isOpen, setIsOpen] = useState(false);
const [searchValue, setSearchValue] = useState('');
const [selectedValue, setSelectedValue] = useState<T | T[] | null>(
defaultValue !== undefined ? (isMulti ? [defaultValue] as T[] : defaultValue) : null
);
// Filter options based on search
const filteredOptions = useMemo(() => {
if (!isSearchable || !searchValue) return options;
return options.filter(option =>
option.label.toLowerCase().includes(searchValue.toLowerCase())
);
}, [options, searchValue, isSearchable]);
// Handle selection
const handleSelect = useCallback((option: SelectOption<T>) => {
if (option.disabled) return;
let newValue: T | T[] | null;
if (isMulti) {
const currentArray = (selectedValue as T[]) || [];
const isSelected = currentArray.includes(option.value);
newValue = isSelected
? currentArray.filter(v => v !== option.value)
: [...currentArray, option.value];
} else {
newValue = option.value;
setIsOpen(false);
}
setSelectedValue(newValue);
onChange?.(newValue);
}, [isMulti, selectedValue, onChange]);
// Handle search
const handleSearchChange = useCallback((searchValue: string) => {
setSearchValue(searchValue);
onSearch?.(searchValue);
}, [onSearch]);
return (
<div
className={cn(
'relative inline-block w-full',
isDisabled && 'opacity-50 cursor-not-allowed',
className
)}
data-testid={testId}
>
<SelectTrigger
isOpen={isOpen}
isDisabled={isDisabled}
isLoading={isLoading}
placeholder={placeholder}
value={selectedValue}
renderValue={renderValue}
onClick={() => !isDisabled && setIsOpen(!isOpen)}
/>
{isOpen && (
<SelectDropdown
options={filteredOptions}
selectedValue={selectedValue}
isSearchable={isSearchable}
searchValue={searchValue}
onSearchChange={handleSearchChange}
onSelect={handleSelect}
renderOption={renderOption}
/>
)}
</div>
);
}
// Specialized hook for form integration
interface UseSelectFormProps<T> {
name: string;
defaultValue?: T | T[];
validation?: ValidationRule<T | T[]>;
}
function useSelectForm<T>({ name, defaultValue, validation }: UseSelectFormProps<T>) {
const [value, setValue] = useState<T | T[] | null>(defaultValue || null);
const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
const handleChange = useCallback((newValue: T | T[] | null) => {
setValue(newValue);
// Validate if validation rules provided
if (validation) {
const validationResult = validateValue(newValue, validation);
setError(validationResult.error);
}
}, [validation]);
const reset = useCallback(() => {
setValue(defaultValue || null);
setError(null);
}, [defaultValue]);
return {
value,
error,
onChange: handleChange,
reset,
isValid: !error,
};
}
// Usage in complex forms
interface BookingFormData {
hotelId: string;
roomType: string;
checkInDate: Date;
checkOutDate: Date;
guestCount: number;
preferences: string[];
}
const BookingForm: React.FC = () => {
const hotelSelect = useSelectForm<string>({
name: 'hotelId',
validation: { required: true },
});
const roomTypeSelect = useSelectForm<string>({
name: 'roomType',
validation: { required: true },
});
const preferencesSelect = useSelectForm<string>({
name: 'preferences',
defaultValue: [],
});
const [hotels, setHotels] = useState<SelectOption<string>[]>([]);
const [roomTypes, setRoomTypes] = useState<SelectOption<string>[]>([]);
// Load hotels on component mount
useEffect(() => {
loadHotels().then(setHotels);
}, []);
// Load room types when hotel changes
useEffect(() => {
if (hotelSelect.value) {
loadRoomTypes(hotelSelect.value as string).then(setRoomTypes);
}
}, [hotelSelect.value]);
const handleSubmit = async (e: React.FormEvent) => {
e.preventDefault();
if (!hotelSelect.isValid || !roomTypeSelect.isValid) {
return;
}
const formData: Partial<BookingFormData> = {
hotelId: hotelSelect.value as string,
roomType: roomTypeSelect.value as string,
preferences: preferencesSelect.value as string[],
};
try {
await submitBooking(formData);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Booking submission failed:', error);
}
};
return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit} className="space-y-6">
<div>
<label htmlFor="hotel" className="block text-sm font-medium mb-2">
Select Hotel *
</label>
<Select
testId="hotel-select"
options={hotels}
value={hotelSelect.value}
onChange={hotelSelect.onChange}
placeholder="Choose a hotel..."
isSearchable
renderOption={(option) => (
<div className="flex items-center gap-3">
{option.icon && <option.icon className="w-5 h-5" />}
<span>{option.label}</span>
</div>
)}
/>
{hotelSelect.error && (
<p className="mt-1 text-sm text-red-600">{hotelSelect.error}</p>
)}
</div>
<div>
<label htmlFor="roomType" className="block text-sm font-medium mb-2">
Room Type *
</label>
<Select
testId="room-type-select"
options={roomTypes}
value={roomTypeSelect.value}
onChange={roomTypeSelect.onChange}
placeholder="Choose room type..."
isDisabled={!hotelSelect.value}
/>
{roomTypeSelect.error && (
<p className="mt-1 text-sm text-red-600">{roomTypeSelect.error}</p>
)}
</div>
<div>
<label htmlFor="preferences" className="block text-sm font-medium mb-2">
Preferences (Optional)
</label>
<Select
testId="preferences-select"
options={preferenceOptions}
value={preferencesSelect.value}
onChange={preferencesSelect.onChange}
isMulti
placeholder="Select preferences..."
/>
</div>
<button
type="submit"
disabled={!hotelSelect.isValid || !roomTypeSelect.isValid}
className="w-full bg-blue-600 text-white py-2 px-4 rounded-md hover:bg-blue-700 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
>
Book Now
</button>
</form>
);
};
// Helper functions and data
async function loadHotels(): Promise<SelectOption<string>[]> {
// API call to load hotels
return [
{ value: 'hotel1', label: 'Grand Hotel', icon: StarIcon },
{ value: 'hotel2', label: 'Beach Resort', icon: BeachIcon },
];
}
async function loadRoomTypes(hotelId: string): Promise<SelectOption<string>[]> {
// API call to load room types for specific hotel
return [
{ value: 'standard', label: 'Standard Room' },
{ value: 'deluxe', label: 'Deluxe Room' },
{ value: 'suite', label: 'Executive Suite' },
];
}
const preferenceOptions: SelectOption<string>[] = [
{ value: 'wifi', label: 'Free WiFi' },
{ value: 'breakfast', label: 'Breakfast Included' },
{ value: 'parking', label: 'Free Parking' },
{ value: 'gym', label: 'Gym Access' },
{ value: 'pool', label: 'Pool Access' },
];
async function submitBooking(data: Partial<BookingFormData>): Promise<void> {
// API call to submit booking
console.log('Submitting booking:', data);
}
function validateValue<T>(value: T, rule: ValidationRule<T>): { error: string | null } {
// Validation logic implementation
return { error: null };
}
// Utility function for className concatenation
function cn(...classes: (string | undefined | null | false)[]): string {
return classes.filter(Boolean).join(' ');
}
// Icon components (placeholder)
const StarIcon: React.FC<{ className?: string }> = ({ className }) => (
<span className={className}>⭐</span>
);
const BeachIcon: React.FC<{ className?: string }> = ({ className }) => (
<span className={className}>🏖️</span>
);
// Additional component types
interface SelectTriggerProps<T> {
isOpen: boolean;
isDisabled: boolean;
isLoading: boolean;
placeholder: string;
value: T | T[] | null;
renderValue?: (value: T) => React.ReactNode;
onClick: () => void;
}
function SelectTrigger<T>({ isOpen, isDisabled, isLoading, placeholder, value, renderValue, onClick }: SelectTriggerProps<T>) {
return (
<button
type="button"
onClick={onClick}
disabled={isDisabled}
className="w-full text-left bg-white border border-gray-300 rounded-md py-2 px-3 focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-blue-500"
>
{isLoading ? 'Loading...' : value ? (renderValue ? renderValue(value as T) : String(value)) : placeholder}
</button>
);
}
interface SelectDropdownProps<T> {
options: SelectOption<T>[];
selectedValue: T | T[] | null;
isSearchable: boolean;
searchValue: string;
onSearchChange: (value: string) => void;
onSelect: (option: SelectOption<T>) => void;
renderOption?: (option: SelectOption<T>) => React.ReactNode;
}
function SelectDropdown<T>({ options, selectedValue, isSearchable, searchValue, onSearchChange, onSelect, renderOption }: SelectDropdownProps<T>) {
return (
<div className="absolute z-10 w-full bg-white border border-gray-300 rounded-md shadow-lg mt-1">
{isSearchable && (
<input
type="text"
value={searchValue}
onChange={(e) => onSearchChange(e.target.value)}
className="w-full p-2 border-b border-gray-200 focus:outline-none"
placeholder="Search..."
/>
)}
<div className="max-h-60 overflow-y-auto">
{options.map((option, index) => (
<button
key={index}
type="button"
onClick={() => onSelect(option)}
disabled={option.disabled}
className="w-full text-left p-2 hover:bg-gray-100 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
>
{renderOption ? renderOption(option) : option.label}
</button>
))}
</div>
</div>
);
}
Modern Next.js applications with TypeScript provide full-stack type safety from database to UI:
// app/api/bookings/route.ts - Type-safe API routes
import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server';
import { z } from 'zod';
// Validation schemas
const CreateBookingSchema = z.object({
hotelId: z.string().min(1, 'Hotel ID is required'),
roomType: z.string().min(1, 'Room type is required'),
checkInDate: z.string().datetime('Invalid check-in date'),
checkOutDate: z.string().datetime('Invalid check-out date'),
guestCount: z.number().min(1, 'At least one guest required').max(10, 'Maximum 10 guests'),
customerName: z.string().min(2, 'Customer name must be at least 2 characters'),
customerEmail: z.string().email('Invalid email address'),
specialRequests: z.string().optional(),
}).refine(
(data) => new Date(data.checkOutDate) > new Date(data.checkInDate),
{
message: 'Check-out date must be after check-in date',
path: ['checkOutDate'],
}
);
const UpdateBookingSchema = CreateBookingSchema.partial().extend({
id: z.string().min(1, 'Booking ID is required'),
status: z.enum(['pending', 'confirmed', 'cancelled']).optional(),
});
type CreateBookingRequest = z.infer<typeof CreateBookingSchema>;
type UpdateBookingRequest = z.infer<typeof UpdateBookingSchema>;
// API Response types
interface ApiResponse<T = any> {
success: boolean;
data?: T;
error?: string;
errors?: Record<string, string[]>;
}
interface BookingResponse {
id: string;
hotelId: string;
hotelName: string;
roomType: string;
checkInDate: string;
checkOutDate: string;
guestCount: number;
customerName: string;
customerEmail: string;
specialRequests?: string;
totalAmount: number;
currency: string;
status: 'pending' | 'confirmed' | 'cancelled';
bookingReference: string;
createdAt: string;
updatedAt: string;
}
// GET /api/bookings - List bookings
export async function GET(request: NextRequest): Promise<NextResponse<ApiResponse<BookingResponse[]>>> {
try {
const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url);
const page = parseInt(searchParams.get('page') || '1', 10);
const limit = parseInt(searchParams.get('limit') || '10', 10);
const status = searchParams.get('status') as BookingResponse['status'] | null;
const hotelId = searchParams.get('hotelId');
// Validate pagination parameters
if (page < 1 || limit < 1 || limit > 100) {
return NextResponse.json(
{ success: false, error: 'Invalid pagination parameters' },
{ status: 400 }
);
}
const bookings = await bookingService.listBookings({
page,
limit,
status,
hotelId,
});
return NextResponse.json({
success: true,
data: bookings,
});
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching bookings:', error);
return NextResponse.json(
{ success: false, error: 'Internal server error' },
{ status: 500 }
);
}
}
// POST /api/bookings - Create booking
export async function POST(request: NextRequest): Promise<NextResponse<ApiResponse<BookingResponse>>> {
try {
const body = await request.json();
// Validate request body
const validation = CreateBookingSchema.safeParse(body);
if (!validation.success) {
return NextResponse.json(
{
success: false,
error: 'Validation failed',
errors: validation.error.flatten().fieldErrors,
},
{ status: 400 }
);
}
const bookingData = validation.data;
// Check hotel availability
const isAvailable = await hotelService.checkAvailability({
hotelId: bookingData.hotelId,
roomType: bookingData.roomType,
checkInDate: new Date(bookingData.checkInDate),
checkOutDate: new Date(bookingData.checkOutDate),
guestCount: bookingData.guestCount,
});
if (!isAvailable) {
return NextResponse.json(
{ success: false, error: 'Hotel not available for selected dates' },
{ status: 409 }
);
}
// Calculate pricing
const pricing = await pricingService.calculateBookingPrice({
hotelId: bookingData.hotelId,
roomType: bookingData.roomType,
checkInDate: new Date(bookingData.checkInDate),
checkOutDate: new Date(bookingData.checkOutDate),
guestCount: bookingData.guestCount,
});
// Create booking
const booking = await bookingService.createBooking({
...bookingData,
totalAmount: pricing.totalAmount,
currency: pricing.currency,
});
// Send confirmation email
await emailService.sendBookingConfirmation({
customerEmail: booking.customerEmail,
customerName: booking.customerName,
booking,
});
return NextResponse.json(
{ success: true, data: booking },
{ status: 201 }
);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error creating booking:', error);
return NextResponse.json(
{ success: false, error: 'Internal server error' },
{ status: 500 }
);
}
}
// PUT /api/bookings - Update booking
export async function PUT(request: NextRequest): Promise<NextResponse<ApiResponse<BookingResponse>>> {
try {
const body = await request.json();
const validation = UpdateBookingSchema.safeParse(body);
if (!validation.success) {
return NextResponse.json(
{
success: false,
error: 'Validation failed',
errors: validation.error.flatten().fieldErrors,
},
{ status: 400 }
);
}
const updateData = validation.data;
// Check if booking exists
const existingBooking = await bookingService.getBookingById(updateData.id);
if (!existingBooking) {
return NextResponse.json(
{ success: false, error: 'Booking not found' },
{ status: 404 }
);
}
// Check if booking can be modified
if (existingBooking.status === 'cancelled') {
return NextResponse.json(
{ success: false, error: 'Cannot modify cancelled booking' },
{ status: 409 }
);
}
const updatedBooking = await bookingService.updateBooking(updateData.id, updateData);
// Send update notification if status changed
if (updateData.status && updateData.status !== existingBooking.status) {
await emailService.sendBookingStatusUpdate({
customerEmail: updatedBooking.customerEmail,
customerName: updatedBooking.customerName,
booking: updatedBooking,
previousStatus: existingBooking.status,
});
}
return NextResponse.json({
success: true,
data: updatedBooking,
});
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error updating booking:', error);
return NextResponse.json(
{ success: false, error: 'Internal server error' },
{ status: 500 }
);
}
}
// Service interfaces
interface BookingService {
listBookings(params: {
page: number;
limit: number;
status?: BookingResponse['status'] | null;
hotelId?: string | null;
}): Promise<BookingResponse[]>;
getBookingById(id: string): Promise<BookingResponse | null>;
createBooking(data: CreateBookingRequest & {
totalAmount: number;
currency: string;
}): Promise<BookingResponse>;
updateBooking(id: string, data: Partial<UpdateBookingRequest>): Promise<BookingResponse>;
}
interface HotelService {
checkAvailability(params: {
hotelId: string;
roomType: string;
checkInDate: Date;
checkOutDate: Date;
guestCount: number;
}): Promise<boolean>;
}
interface PricingService {
calculateBookingPrice(params: {
hotelId: string;
roomType: string;
checkInDate: Date;
checkOutDate: Date;
guestCount: number;
}): Promise<{
totalAmount: number;
currency: string;
breakdown: {
basePrice: number;
taxes: number;
fees: number;
};
}>;
}
interface EmailService {
sendBookingConfirmation(params: {
customerEmail: string;
customerName: string;
booking: BookingResponse;
}): Promise<void>;
sendBookingStatusUpdate(params: {
customerEmail: string;
customerName: string;
booking: BookingResponse;
previousStatus: BookingResponse['status'];
}): Promise<void>;
}
// Service implementations would be injected
declare const bookingService: BookingService;
declare const hotelService: HotelService;
declare const pricingService: PricingService;
declare const emailService: EmailService;
TypeScript applications in 2025 require sophisticated optimization strategies to maintain performance while leveraging advanced type features.
Modern TypeScript projects benefit from carefully tuned compiler configurations that balance developer experience with build performance:
// tsconfig.json - Production-optimized configuration
{
"compilerOptions": {
// Language and Environment
"target": "ES2022",
"lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
"allowJs": false,
"checkJs": false,
"jsx": "preserve",
"jsxImportSource": "react",
// Modules
"module": "ESNext",
"moduleResolution": "bundler",
"allowImportingTsExtensions": false,
"allowArbitraryExtensions": false,
"moduleDetection": "force",
"noResolve": false,
"resolveJsonModule": true,
"allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,
"esModuleInterop": true,
// Emit
"declaration": true,
"declarationMap": true,
"emitDeclarationOnly": false,
"importHelpers": true,
"importsNotUsedAsValues": "error",
"inlineSourceMap": false,
"inlineSources": false,
"mapRoot": "",
"newLine": "lf",
"noEmit": false,
"noEmitHelpers": false,
"noEmitOnError": true,
"outDir": "./dist",
"preserveConstEnums": false,
"preserveValueImports": false,
"removeComments": true,
"sourceMap": true,
"sourceRoot": "",
"stripInternal": true,
// Interop Constraints
"isolatedModules": true,
"verbatimModuleSyntax": false,
// Type Checking
"strict": true,
"noImplicitAny": true,
"strictNullChecks": true,
"strictFunctionTypes": true,
"strictBindCallApply": true,
"strictPropertyInitialization": true,
"noImplicitThis": true,
"useUnknownInCatchVariables": true,
"alwaysStrict": true,
"noUnusedLocals": true,
"noUnusedParameters": true,
"exactOptionalPropertyTypes": true,
"noImplicitReturns": true,
"noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,
"noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
"noImplicitOverride": true,
"noPropertyAccessFromIndexSignature": false,
// Projects
"incremental": true,
"composite": true,
"tsBuildInfoFile": "./.tsbuildinfo",
"disableSourceOfProjectReferenceRedirect": false,
"disableSolutionSearching": false,
"disableReferencedProjectLoad": false,
// Output Formatting
"noErrorTruncation": false,
"preserveWatchOutput": false,
"pretty": true,
// Watch Options
"watchFile": "useFsEvents",
"watchDirectory": "useFsEvents",
"fallbackPolling": "dynamicPriority",
"synchronousWatchDirectory": false,
"excludeDirectories": ["**/node_modules", "**/.git"],
"excludeFiles": ["**/*.spec.ts", "**/*.test.ts"],
// Performance
"skipLibCheck": true,
"skipDefaultLibCheck": true,
// Path Mapping
"baseUrl": ".",
"paths": {
"@/*": ["./src/*"],
"@/components/*": ["./src/components/*"],
"@/lib/*": ["./src/lib/*"],
"@/types/*": ["./src/types/*"],
"@/utils/*": ["./src/utils/*"],
"@/hooks/*": ["./src/hooks/*"],
"@/services/*": ["./src/services/*"],
"@/stores/*": ["./src/stores/*"],
"@/styles/*": ["./src/styles/*"],
"@/assets/*": ["./src/assets/*"],
"@/config/*": ["./src/config/*"]
}
},
"include": [
"next-env.d.ts",
"**/*.ts",
"**/*.tsx",
".next/types/**/*.ts"
],
"exclude": [
"node_modules",
".next",
"out",
"dist",
"**/*.spec.ts",
"**/*.test.ts",
"**/*.stories.ts",
"**/*.stories.tsx",
"coverage",
"cypress",
"playwright"
],
"ts-node": {
"esm": true,
"experimentalSpecifierResolution": "node"
}
}
Large TypeScript projects require sophisticated build optimization strategies:
// build-optimizer.ts - Custom build optimization utilities
import { promises as fs } from 'fs';
import path from 'path';
import { performance } from 'perf_hooks';
interface BuildMetrics {
totalFiles: number;
totalSize: number;
typeCheckingTime: number;
compilationTime: number;
bundlingTime: number;
optimizationSavings: number;
}
interface OptimizationConfig {
enableIncrementalCompilation: boolean;
enableProjectReferences: boolean;
enableTypeOnlyImports: boolean;
enableTreeShaking: boolean;
enableCodeSplitting: boolean;
chunkSizeLimit: number;
}
class TypeScriptBuildOptimizer {
private config: OptimizationConfig;
private metrics: Partial<BuildMetrics> = {};
constructor(config: OptimizationConfig) {
this.config = config;
}
async optimizeBuild(projectRoot: string): Promise<BuildMetrics> {
const startTime = performance.now();
console.log('🚀 Starting TypeScript build optimization...');
// Step 1: Analyze project structure
const projectAnalysis = await this.analyzeProject(projectRoot);
console.log(`📊 Analyzed ${projectAnalysis.totalFiles} TypeScript files`);
// Step 2: Optimize import statements
if (this.config.enableTypeOnlyImports) {
await this.optimizeImports(projectRoot);
console.log('✅ Optimized import statements');
}
// Step 3: Configure incremental compilation
if (this.config.enableIncrementalCompilation) {
await this.setupIncrementalCompilation(projectRoot);
console.log('✅ Configured incremental compilation');
}
// Step 4: Setup project references
if (this.config.enableProjectReferences) {
await this.setupProjectReferences(projectRoot);
console.log('✅ Configured project references');
}
// Step 5: Bundle optimization
const bundleOptimization = await this.optimizeBundle(projectRoot);
console.log(`✅ Bundle optimized - saved ${bundleOptimization.sizeSaved}KB`);
const totalTime = performance.now() - startTime;
console.log(`🎉 Build optimization completed in ${totalTime.toFixed(2)}ms`);
return {
totalFiles: projectAnalysis.totalFiles,
totalSize: projectAnalysis.totalSize,
typeCheckingTime: this.metrics.typeCheckingTime || 0,
compilationTime: this.metrics.compilationTime || 0,
bundlingTime: this.metrics.bundlingTime || 0,
optimizationSavings: bundleOptimization.sizeSaved,
};
}
private async analyzeProject(projectRoot: string): Promise<{
totalFiles: number;
totalSize: number;
dependencies: string[];
}> {
const tsFiles = await this.findTypeScriptFiles(projectRoot);
let totalSize = 0;
for (const file of tsFiles) {
const stats = await fs.stat(file);
totalSize += stats.size;
}
const packageJson = JSON.parse(
await fs.readFile(path.join(projectRoot, 'package.json'), 'utf-8')
);
const dependencies = [
...Object.keys(packageJson.dependencies || {}),
...Object.keys(packageJson.devDependencies || {}),
];
return {
totalFiles: tsFiles.length,
totalSize,
dependencies,
};
}
private async findTypeScriptFiles(dir: string): Promise<string[]> {
const files: string[] = [];
const entries = await fs.readdir(dir, { withFileTypes: true });
for (const entry of entries) {
const fullPath = path.join(dir, entry.name);
if (entry.isDirectory() && !this.shouldSkipDirectory(entry.name)) {
files.push(...await this.findTypeScriptFiles(fullPath));
} else if (entry.isFile() && this.isTypeScriptFile(entry.name)) {
files.push(fullPath);
}
}
return files;
}
private shouldSkipDirectory(name: string): boolean {
const skipDirs = ['node_modules', '.next', 'dist', 'build', 'coverage', '.git'];
return skipDirs.includes(name);
}
private isTypeScriptFile(filename: string): boolean {
return /\.(ts|tsx)$/.test(filename) && !/\.(test|spec|stories)\.(ts|tsx)$/.test(filename);
}
private async optimizeImports(projectRoot: string): Promise<void> {
const tsFiles = await this.findTypeScriptFiles(projectRoot);
for (const file of tsFiles) {
const content = await fs.readFile(file, 'utf-8');
const optimizedContent = this.optimizeFileImports(content);
if (optimizedContent !== content) {
await fs.writeFile(file, optimizedContent, 'utf-8');
}
}
}
private optimizeFileImports(content: string): string {
// Convert regular imports to type-only imports where possible
const typeOnlyPattern = /import\s+(\{[^}]+\})\s+from\s+(['"][^'"]+['"])/g;
return content.replace(typeOnlyPattern, (match, imports, from) => {
// Check if imports are only used as types
const importNames = imports
.replace(/[{}]/g, '')
.split(',')
.map(name => name.trim());
const isTypeOnly = importNames.every(name =>
this.isUsedOnlyAsType(content, name)
);
if (isTypeOnly) {
return `import type ${imports} from ${from}`;
}
return match;
});
}
private isUsedOnlyAsType(content: string, importName: string): boolean {
// Simplified heuristic - in production, use a proper AST parser
const usagePattern = new RegExp(`\\b${importName}\\b`, 'g');
const matches = content.match(usagePattern) || [];
// Check if all usages are in type positions
const typeUsagePattern = new RegExp(
`(:\\s*${importName}\\b|<${importName}\\b|extends\\s+${importName}\\b|implements\\s+${importName}\\b)`,
'g'
);
const typeMatches = content.match(typeUsagePattern) || [];
return matches.length === typeMatches.length;
}
private async setupIncrementalCompilation(projectRoot: string): Promise<void> {
const tsconfigPath = path.join(projectRoot, 'tsconfig.json');
const tsconfig = JSON.parse(await fs.readFile(tsconfigPath, 'utf-8'));
// Enable incremental compilation
tsconfig.compilerOptions = {
...tsconfig.compilerOptions,
incremental: true,
tsBuildInfoFile: './.tsbuildinfo',
composite: true,
};
await fs.writeFile(tsconfigPath, JSON.stringify(tsconfig, null, 2));
}
private async setupProjectReferences(projectRoot: string): Promise<void> {
// Create project references for better build performance
const srcPath = path.join(projectRoot, 'src');
const componentsPath = path.join(srcPath, 'components');
const libPath = path.join(srcPath, 'lib');
// Create separate tsconfig files for different parts of the project
const configs = [
{
path: path.join(componentsPath, 'tsconfig.json'),
config: {
extends: '../../tsconfig.json',
compilerOptions: {
composite: true,
outDir: '../../dist/components',
},
include: ['./**/*'],
exclude: ['**/*.test.*', '**/*.spec.*'],
},
},
{
path: path.join(libPath, 'tsconfig.json'),
config: {
extends: '../../tsconfig.json',
compilerOptions: {
composite: true,
outDir: '../../dist/lib',
},
include: ['./**/*'],
exclude: ['**/*.test.*', '**/*.spec.*'],
},
},
];
for (const { path: configPath, config } of configs) {
await fs.mkdir(path.dirname(configPath), { recursive: true });
await fs.writeFile(configPath, JSON.stringify(config, null, 2));
}
// Update main tsconfig.json to reference these projects
const mainTsconfigPath = path.join(projectRoot, 'tsconfig.json');
const mainTsconfig = JSON.parse(await fs.readFile(mainTsconfigPath, 'utf-8'));
mainTsconfig.references = [
{ path: './src/components' },
{ path: './src/lib' },
];
await fs.writeFile(mainTsconfigPath, JSON.stringify(mainTsconfig, null, 2));
}
private async optimizeBundle(projectRoot: string): Promise<{ sizeSaved: number }> {
// Simulate bundle optimization - in real implementation,
// this would integrate with your bundler (webpack, esbuild, etc.)
const startTime = performance.now();
// Tree shaking optimization
let sizeSaved = 0;
if (this.config.enableTreeShaking) {
sizeSaved += await this.performTreeShaking(projectRoot);
}
// Code splitting optimization
if (this.config.enableCodeSplitting) {
sizeSaved += await this.optimizeCodeSplitting(projectRoot);
}
this.metrics.bundlingTime = performance.now() - startTime;
return { sizeSaved };
}
private async performTreeShaking(projectRoot: string): Promise<number> {
// Analyze unused exports and imports
const tsFiles = await this.findTypeScriptFiles(projectRoot);
let sizeSaved = 0;
for (const file of tsFiles) {
const content = await fs.readFile(file, 'utf-8');
const unusedExports = this.findUnusedExports(content, tsFiles);
if (unusedExports.length > 0) {
console.log(`🌳 Found ${unusedExports.length} unused exports in ${file}`);
sizeSaved += unusedExports.length * 100; // Rough estimate
}
}
return sizeSaved;
}
private findUnusedExports(content: string, allFiles: string[]): string[] {
// Simplified unused export detection
const exportPattern = /export\s+(?:const|function|class|interface|type)\s+(\w+)/g;
const exports: string[] = [];
let match;
while ((match = exportPattern.exec(content)) !== null) {
exports.push(match[1]);
}
// This is a simplified implementation
// In practice, you'd need a more sophisticated analysis
return exports.filter(exportName => {
// Check if this export is imported anywhere
return !this.isExportUsed(exportName, allFiles);
});
}
private isExportUsed(exportName: string, allFiles: string[]): boolean {
// Simplified check - in practice, use a proper dependency graph
return Math.random() > 0.3; // Simulate some exports being unused
}
private async optimizeCodeSplitting(projectRoot: string): Promise<number> {
// Code splitting optimization would integrate with your bundler
// This is a simplified simulation
console.log('📦 Optimizing code splitting...');
// Simulate finding large chunks that can be split
const largChunks = ['components', 'utils', 'services'];
let sizeSaved = 0;
for (const chunk of largChunks) {
const chunkSize = Math.random() * 1000000; // Simulate chunk size
if (chunkSize > this.config.chunkSizeLimit) {
console.log(`✂️ Splitting large chunk: ${chunk} (${(chunkSize / 1000).toFixed(1)}KB)`);
sizeSaved += chunkSize * 0.2; // Simulate 20% size reduction from splitting
}
}
return sizeSaved;
}
}
// Usage example
async function optimizeProject() {
const optimizer = new TypeScriptBuildOptimizer({
enableIncrementalCompilation: true,
enableProjectReferences: true,
enableTypeOnlyImports: true,
enableTreeShaking: true,
enableCodeSplitting: true,
chunkSizeLimit: 500000, // 500KB
});
try {
const metrics = await optimizer.optimizeBuild(process.cwd());
console.log('\n📈 Build Optimization Results:');
console.log(`Total Files: ${metrics.totalFiles}`);
console.log(`Total Size: ${(metrics.totalSize / 1000).toFixed(1)}KB`);
console.log(`Type Checking: ${metrics.typeCheckingTime.toFixed(2)}ms`);
console.log(`Compilation: ${metrics.compilationTime.toFixed(2)}ms`);
console.log(`Bundling: ${metrics.bundlingTime.toFixed(2)}ms`);
console.log(`Size Saved: ${(metrics.optimizationSavings / 1000).toFixed(1)}KB`);
} catch (error) {
console.error('❌ Build optimization failed:', error);
process.exit(1);
}
}
// Export for use in build scripts
export { TypeScriptBuildOptimizer, OptimizationConfig, BuildMetrics };
Modern TypeScript applications require comprehensive testing strategies that leverage type safety while ensuring runtime correctness.
Advanced testing patterns that maintain type safety throughout the testing process:
// test-utils.ts - Type-safe testing utilities
import { render, RenderOptions, RenderResult } from '@testing-library/react';
import { ReactElement, ReactNode } from 'react';
import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query';
import { BrowserRouter } from 'react-router-dom';
// Test wrapper with providers
interface TestProvidersProps {
children: ReactNode;
initialEntries?: string[];
queryClient?: QueryClient;
}
function TestProviders({
children,
initialEntries = ['/'],
queryClient = new QueryClient({
defaultOptions: {
queries: { retry: false },
mutations: { retry: false },
},
})
}: TestProvidersProps) {
return (
<QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>
<BrowserRouter>
{children}
</BrowserRouter>
</QueryClientProvider>
);
}
// Custom render function with type safety
interface CustomRenderOptions extends Omit<RenderOptions, 'wrapper'> {
initialEntries?: string[];
queryClient?: QueryClient;
}
function customRender(
ui: ReactElement,
options: CustomRenderOptions = {}
): RenderResult {
const { initialEntries, queryClient, ...renderOptions } = options;
return render(ui, {
wrapper: ({ children }) => (
<TestProviders
initialEntries={initialEntries}
queryClient={queryClient}
>
{children}
</TestProviders>
),
...renderOptions,
});
}
// Mock factory with type safety
type MockedFunction<T extends (...args: any[]) => any> = jest.MockedFunction<T>;
interface MockFactoryOptions<T> {
defaultImplementation?: T;
mockName?: string;
}
function createMockFactory<T extends Record<string, any>>(
originalModule: T,
options: MockFactoryOptions<Partial<T>> = {}
): jest.Mocked<T> {
const { defaultImplementation = {}, mockName } = options;
const mockedModule = {} as jest.Mocked<T>;
for (const key in originalModule) {
if (typeof originalModule[key] === 'function') {
mockedModule[key] = jest.fn(defaultImplementation[key]);
if (mockName) {
(mockedModule[key] as jest.MockedFunction<any>).mockName(`${mockName}.${key}`);
}
} else {
mockedModule[key] = defaultImplementation[key] ?? originalModule[key];
}
}
return mockedModule;
}
// Type-safe test data builders
interface TestUserData {
id: string;
name: string;
email: string;
age: number;
isActive: boolean;
createdAt: Date;
}
interface TestBookingData {
id: string;
userId: string;
hotelId: string;
checkInDate: Date;
checkOutDate: Date;
status: 'pending' | 'confirmed' | 'cancelled';
totalAmount: number;
}
class TestDataBuilder<T> {
private data: Partial<T> = {};
constructor(private defaultData: T) {}
with<K extends keyof T>(key: K, value: T[K]): this {
this.data[key] = value;
return this;
}
withPartial(partialData: Partial<T>): this {
Object.assign(this.data, partialData);
return this;
}
build(): T {
return { ...this.defaultData, ...this.data };
}
buildMany(count: number): T[] {
return Array.from({ length: count }, (_, index) => ({
...this.defaultData,
...this.data,
// Override ID to make each item unique
...(this.defaultData as any).id && { id: `${(this.data as any).id || 'test'}-${index}` },
}));
}
}
// Test data builders
export const createTestUser = () => new TestDataBuilder<TestUserData>({
id: 'test-user-1',
name: 'John Doe',
email: 'john.doe@example.com',
age: 30,
isActive: true,
createdAt: new Date('2023-01-01'),
});
export const createTestBooking = () => new TestDataBuilder<TestBookingData>({
id: 'test-booking-1',
userId: 'test-user-1',
hotelId: 'test-hotel-1',
checkInDate: new Date('2024-06-01'),
checkOutDate: new Date('2024-06-05'),
status: 'pending',
totalAmount: 1000,
});
// Type-safe API mocking
interface ApiResponse<T> {
success: boolean;
data?: T;
error?: string;
}
class ApiMocker {
private mocks = new Map<string, jest.MockedFunction<any>>();
mockEndpoint<TRequest, TResponse>(
endpoint: string,
handler: (request: TRequest) => Promise<ApiResponse<TResponse>> | ApiResponse<TResponse>
): jest.MockedFunction<(request: TRequest) => Promise<ApiResponse<TResponse>>> {
const mockFn = jest.fn().mockImplementation(handler);
this.mocks.set(endpoint, mockFn);
return mockFn;
}
mockSuccess<TResponse>(endpoint: string, data: TResponse): void {
this.mockEndpoint(endpoint, () => ({ success: true, data }));
}
mockError(endpoint: string, error: string): void {
this.mockEndpoint(endpoint, () => ({ success: false, error }));
}
getMock(endpoint: string): jest.MockedFunction<any> | undefined {
return this.mocks.get(endpoint);
}
clearMocks(): void {
this.mocks.forEach(mock => mock.mockClear());
}
resetMocks(): void {
this.mocks.forEach(mock => mock.mockReset());
this.mocks.clear();
}
}
// Async testing utilities
interface AsyncTestOptions {
timeout?: number;
interval?: number;
}
async function waitForCondition(
condition: () => boolean | Promise<boolean>,
options: AsyncTestOptions = {}
): Promise<void> {
const { timeout = 5000, interval = 100 } = options;
const startTime = Date.now();
while (Date.now() - startTime < timeout) {
if (await condition()) {
return;
}
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, interval));
}
throw new Error(`Condition not met within ${timeout}ms`);
}
// Export all utilities
export {
customRender as render,
TestProviders,
createMockFactory,
TestDataBuilder,
ApiMocker,
waitForCondition,
};
// Re-export testing library utilities with our custom render as default
export * from '@testing-library/react';
export { default as userEvent } from '@testing-library/user-event';
Comprehensive component testing that leverages TypeScript's type system:
// components/__tests__/BookingForm.test.tsx
import { screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react';
import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
import { render, createTestUser, createTestBooking, ApiMocker } from '../test-utils';
import { BookingForm } from '../BookingForm';
import type { BookingFormProps } from '../BookingForm';
// Mock external dependencies
jest.mock('../services/booking-service');
jest.mock('../services/hotel-service');
const mockBookingService = jest.mocked(await import('../services/booking-service'));
const mockHotelService = jest.mocked(await import('../services/hotel-service'));
describe('BookingForm', () => {
const apiMocker = new ApiMocker();
const user = userEvent.setup();
const defaultProps: BookingFormProps = {
onSubmit: jest.fn(),
onCancel: jest.fn(),
initialData: undefined,
};
beforeEach(() => {
apiMocker.clearMocks();
jest.clearAllMocks();
// Setup default API responses
mockHotelService.getAvailableHotels.mockResolvedValue([
{ id: 'hotel-1', name: 'Grand Hotel', rating: 5 },
{ id: 'hotel-2', name: 'Beach Resort', rating: 4 },
]);
mockHotelService.getRoomTypes.mockResolvedValue([
{ id: 'standard', name: 'Standard Room', price: 100 },
{ id: 'deluxe', name: 'Deluxe Room', price: 150 },
]);
});
describe('Form Rendering', () => {
it('renders all required form fields', () => {
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
expect(screen.getByLabelText(/hotel/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByLabelText(/room type/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByLabelText(/check-in date/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByLabelText(/check-out date/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByLabelText(/guest count/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByLabelText(/customer name/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
});
it('renders with initial data when provided', () => {
const initialBooking = createTestBooking()
.with('hotelId', 'hotel-1')
.with('status', 'pending')
.build();
render(
<BookingForm
{...defaultProps}
initialData={initialBooking}
/>
);
expect(screen.getByDisplayValue('hotel-1')).toBeInTheDocument();
});
it('shows loading state while fetching hotel data', () => {
mockHotelService.getAvailableHotels.mockImplementation(
() => new Promise(() => {}) // Never resolves
);
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
expect(screen.getByText(/loading hotels/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
});
});
describe('Form Validation', () => {
it('shows validation errors for required fields', async () => {
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
const submitButton = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /book now/i });
await user.click(submitButton);
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText(/hotel is required/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByText(/customer name is required/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByText(/email is required/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
});
});
it('validates email format', async () => {
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
const emailInput = screen.getByLabelText(/email/i);
await user.type(emailInput, 'invalid-email');
await user.tab(); // Trigger blur validation
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText(/invalid email format/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
});
});
it('validates date range', async () => {
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
const checkInInput = screen.getByLabelText(/check-in date/i);
const checkOutInput = screen.getByLabelText(/check-out date/i);
const futureDate = new Date();
futureDate.setDate(futureDate.getDate() + 5);
const pastDate = new Date();
pastDate.setDate(pastDate.getDate() + 2);
await user.type(checkInInput, futureDate.toISOString().split('T')[0]);
await user.type(checkOutInput, pastDate.toISOString().split('T')[0]);
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText(/check-out date must be after check-in date/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
});
});
it('validates guest count range', async () => {
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
const guestCountInput = screen.getByLabelText(/guest count/i);
await user.clear(guestCountInput);
await user.type(guestCountInput, '15');
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText(/maximum 10 guests allowed/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
});
});
});
describe('Hotel and Room Selection', () => {
it('loads room types when hotel is selected', async () => {
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
// Wait for hotels to load
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText('Grand Hotel')).toBeInTheDocument();
});
const hotelSelect = screen.getByLabelText(/hotel/i);
await user.selectOptions(hotelSelect, 'hotel-1');
await waitFor(() => {
expect(mockHotelService.getRoomTypes).toHaveBeenCalledWith('hotel-1');
expect(screen.getByText('Standard Room')).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(screen.getByText('Deluxe Room')).toBeInTheDocument();
});
});
it('clears room type when hotel changes', async () => {
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText('Grand Hotel')).toBeInTheDocument();
});
const hotelSelect = screen.getByLabelText(/hotel/i);
const roomSelect = screen.getByLabelText(/room type/i);
// Select hotel and room
await user.selectOptions(hotelSelect, 'hotel-1');
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText('Standard Room')).toBeInTheDocument();
});
await user.selectOptions(roomSelect, 'standard');
expect(roomSelect).toHaveValue('standard');
// Change hotel
await user.selectOptions(hotelSelect, 'hotel-2');
await waitFor(() => {
expect(roomSelect).toHaveValue('');
});
});
});
describe('Form Submission', () => {
const fillValidForm = async () => {
// Wait for hotels to load
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText('Grand Hotel')).toBeInTheDocument();
});
await user.selectOptions(screen.getByLabelText(/hotel/i), 'hotel-1');
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText('Standard Room')).toBeInTheDocument();
});
await user.selectOptions(screen.getByLabelText(/room type/i), 'standard');
const tomorrow = new Date();
tomorrow.setDate(tomorrow.getDate() + 1);
const dayAfter = new Date();
dayAfter.setDate(dayAfter.getDate() + 2);
await user.type(
screen.getByLabelText(/check-in date/i),
tomorrow.toISOString().split('T')[0]
);
await user.type(
screen.getByLabelText(/check-out date/i),
dayAfter.toISOString().split('T')[0]
);
await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/guest count/i), '2');
await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/customer name/i), 'John Doe');
await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'john.doe@example.com');
};
it('submits form with valid data', async () => {
const mockOnSubmit = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} onSubmit={mockOnSubmit} />);
await fillValidForm();
const submitButton = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /book now/i });
await user.click(submitButton);
await waitFor(() => {
expect(mockOnSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
expect.objectContaining({
hotelId: 'hotel-1',
roomType: 'standard',
guestCount: 2,
customerName: 'John Doe',
customerEmail: 'john.doe@example.com',
})
);
});
});
it('shows loading state during submission', async () => {
const mockOnSubmit = jest.fn().mockImplementation(
() => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 1000))
);
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} onSubmit={mockOnSubmit} />);
await fillValidForm();
const submitButton = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /book now/i });
await user.click(submitButton);
expect(screen.getByText(/processing booking/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(submitButton).toBeDisabled();
});
it('handles submission errors gracefully', async () => {
const mockOnSubmit = jest.fn().mockRejectedValue(
new Error('Hotel not available')
);
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} onSubmit={mockOnSubmit} />);
await fillValidForm();
const submitButton = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /book now/i });
await user.click(submitButton);
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText(/hotel not available/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
});
expect(submitButton).not.toBeDisabled();
});
});
describe('Accessibility', () => {
it('has proper form labels and ARIA attributes', () => {
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
const hotelSelect = screen.getByLabelText(/hotel/i);
expect(hotelSelect).toHaveAttribute('aria-required', 'true');
const emailInput = screen.getByLabelText(/email/i);
expect(emailInput).toHaveAttribute('type', 'email');
expect(emailInput).toHaveAttribute('aria-required', 'true');
});
it('announces form errors to screen readers', async () => {
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
const submitButton = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /book now/i });
await user.click(submitButton);
await waitFor(() => {
const errorMessage = screen.getByText(/hotel is required/i);
expect(errorMessage).toHaveAttribute('role', 'alert');
expect(errorMessage).toHaveAttribute('aria-live', 'polite');
});
});
it('supports keyboard navigation', async () => {
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
const hotelSelect = screen.getByLabelText(/hotel/i);
hotelSelect.focus();
expect(hotelSelect).toHaveFocus();
await user.keyboard('{Tab}');
expect(screen.getByLabelText(/room type/i)).toHaveFocus();
});
});
describe('Performance', () => {
it('debounces hotel search input', async () => {
const mockSearchHotels = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue([]);
mockHotelService.searchHotels = mockSearchHotels;
render(<BookingForm {...defaultProps} />);
const searchInput = screen.getByPlaceholderText(/search hotels/i);
// Type quickly
await user.type(searchInput, 'Grand');
// Should not call search immediately
expect(mockSearchHotels).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
// Wait for debounce
await waitFor(() => {
expect(mockSearchHotels).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Grand');
}, { timeout: 1000 });
// Should only be called once despite multiple keystrokes
expect(mockSearchHotels).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
});
});
});
TypeScript in 2025 represents far more than a type layer over JavaScript—it's a comprehensive development ecosystem that enables building sophisticated, maintainable, and performant applications at scale. The patterns, techniques, and best practices covered in this guide reflect the evolution of TypeScript from a simple type checker to an essential tool for enterprise-grade software development.
Key Insights for TypeScript Mastery in 2025:
Advanced Type System Leverage: Modern TypeScript development harnesses sophisticated type manipulation, template literal types, and conditional types to create systems that are both powerful and safe. Understanding these advanced features enables building APIs and libraries that provide excellent developer experience while maintaining runtime correctness.
Framework Integration Excellence: TypeScript's seamless integration with React, Next.js, and modern tooling creates a development experience that surpasses traditional JavaScript workflows. Type-safe component patterns, server-side integration, and full-stack type safety eliminate entire categories of runtime errors.
Performance-Critical Architecture: Large-scale TypeScript applications require thoughtful architecture decisions around compilation, bundling, and runtime performance. The optimization strategies and build configurations we've covered ensure that type safety doesn't come at the cost of application performance.
Production-Ready Patterns: Enterprise applications demand robust patterns for dependency injection, event-driven architecture, error handling, and testing. These patterns provide the foundation for applications that can scale to handle real-world complexity while remaining maintainable over time.
Industry-Specific Applications: Different domains require specialized approaches to type modeling and application architecture. Understanding how to apply TypeScript effectively in contexts like renewable energy, financial services, or e-commerce enables building solutions that truly serve business needs.
At MTechZilla, our experience implementing TypeScript across diverse projects—from complex charging network management systems to high-volume travel booking platforms—has demonstrated that TypeScript proficiency is essential for modern web development success. The projects that deliver the greatest business value are those that leverage TypeScript's full capabilities to create applications that are not just functional, but reliable, maintainable, and adaptable to changing requirements.
The Path Forward:
TypeScript continues to evolve with features like better inference, improved performance, and enhanced tooling integration. The patterns and practices covered in this guide provide a solid foundation that can adapt to these emerging capabilities while maintaining production reliability and developer productivity.
The investment in mastering advanced TypeScript patterns pays dividends across the entire development lifecycle. Teams that understand these concepts build applications faster, with fewer bugs, and greater confidence in their ability to refactor and extend functionality as business needs evolve.
Ready to Transform Your TypeScript Development?
MTechZilla's expert development team has mastered advanced TypeScript patterns through years of production experience across multiple industries. We bring deep expertise in modern TypeScript, React integration, performance optimization, and enterprise architecture patterns that ensure your applications are built to last.
Whether you're starting a new TypeScript project, migrating from JavaScript, or optimizing existing TypeScript applications for better performance and maintainability, we can help you leverage the full power of modern TypeScript development.
Take Action Today:
Contact MTechZilla at sales@mtechzilla.com to learn how we can help you master TypeScript for sustained development success in 2025 and beyond.
MTechZilla has been building advanced TypeScript applications since 2021, specializing in Next.js, React, and modern development practices. Our TypeScript expertise has helped clients across renewable energy, travel, real estate, and other industries build applications that combine type safety with exceptional performance and user experience.
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